Centre-Right Parties in Post-Communist East-Central Europe by Seán Hanley & Aleks Szczerbiak

Author:Seán Hanley & Aleks Szczerbiak [Hanley, Seán & Szczerbiak, Aleks]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, International Relations, General, Security (National & International)
ISBN: 9780415568333
Google: lVMgQAAACAAJ
Goodreads: 8235017
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2005-11-01T00:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1. On communist Poland see, for example, G. Kolankiewicz and P.G. Lewis, Poland: Politics, Economics and Society (London and New York: Pinter, 1988).

2. See H. Kitschelt, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation and Interparty Collaboration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.40.

3. See J, Linz and A. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD and London. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). p.255.

4. See B. Szajkowski, Next to God.. .Poland (London: Pinter, 1993).

5. On Solidarity see, for example, T. Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution (London: Cape, 1983); D. Ost. Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland Since 1968 (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1990); G. Sanford, Polish Communism in Crisis (London: Croom Helm, 1993); J. Staniszkis, Poland's Self-Limiting Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983); A. Touraine, F. Dubet, M. Wieviorka and J. Strzelecki, Solidarity: The Analysis of a Social Movement: Poland, 1980-1981 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

6. 99 out of the 100 seats in the newly created senate and all of the 161 contested seats (there were 460 in total) in the more powerful Sejm: see P.G. Lewis, 'Non-competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.43, No.1 (1990), pp.90-107.

7. On the Polish transition to democracy see W. Connor and P. Płozajski (eds.), Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1992); G. Sanford (ed.), Democratization in Poland, 1988-90: Polish Voices (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992).

8. For the best account of party development in Poland during the first phase of post-communist politics see F. Millard, 'The Shaping of the Polish Party System, 1989-93', East European Politics and Societies, Vol.8, No.3 (1994), pp.467-94.

9. See T. Grabowski, 'The Party That Never Was: The Rise and Fall of the Solidarity Citizens' Committees in Poland', East European Politics and Societies, Vol.10, No.2 (1996), pp.214-55.

10. In 1991 the Centre Agreement went on to transform itself into a single, unitary party.

11. This is an over-simplification. As noted above, Wałęsa's camp at this time included liberals such as the Liberal Democratic Congress, while Mazowiecki's supporters also numbered more conservative politicians such as those clustered around the Forum of the Democratic Right grouping (Forum Prawicy Demokratycznej, FPD).

12. One of the leaders of the Citizens' Movement-Democratic Action, Władysław Frasyniuk, referred to their politics as 'to the west of centre'; see L. Vinton, 'Solidarity's Rival Offspring: Center Alliance and Democratic Action', KI FJRL. Report on Eastern Europe, 21 Sept. (1990), p.22.

13. On the 1991 election see F. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Elections of October 1991', Soviet Studies, Vol.44, No.5 (1992), pp.837-55.

14. There was also a very short-lived government in May 1992, led by Waldemar Pawlak, the leader of the ex-communist satellite Polish Peasant Party.

15. On the 1993 election see F. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September, 1993, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.27, No.3 (1994), pp.295-313.

16. See A. Szczerbiak, 'Interests and Values: Polish Parties and their Electorates', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.51, No.8 (1999), pp.1401-32; T. Szawiel, 'Zróznicowania lewicowo prawicowe i jego korelaty', in R. Markowski (ed.), Wyhory Parlamentarne 1997: System partyjny, postawy polityczne, zachowanie wyborce (Warsaw: ISP PAN, 1999); Κ.

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